Religion in New Jersey in 18th century.....

The Great Awakening through the American colonies between the 1730s and 1770s was a revival of the holiness. The beginnings of the Great Awakening appeared in New Jersey with the Presbyterians. These revivals were led by Reverend William Tennent with his four sons; which later Presbyterians established a system that trained clergyman. These revivals by Tennent and Whitefield exhibited the religious renewal in the 18th century. Many revivals motivated converts to become missionaries. In the 1720s, there was Dutch revivals in New Jersey with churches led by Bernardus Freeman and Theodore Frelinghuysen; they "emphasized personal discipline rather than emotion as evidence for true conversation." (Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776. Harvard University Press, 2000, 199).

In the 1740s, the revivals became somehwhat conservative they encouraged New Jersey's Scottish Presbyterians to a conservative Calvinism. By the late 1740s, New Jersey Presbyterian preachers began "proselytizing" in the Virginia Piedmont. Dutch and many other immigrants went into the New Englanders and Quaker settlements from New Jersey colony. By the 1750s, Calvinism dominated Scottish Presbyterian in the colonies.

Sources:

Butler, Jon. Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776. Harvard University Press, 2000.

Heyrman, Christine Leigh. “The First Great Awakening.” Divining America, TeacherServe©. National Humanities Center. Accessed on November 1, 2008.

Economy.....

In the 18th century, New Jersey was named the "Garden State" because of its agricultural richness besides having an economy based on manufacturing. In between the Revolutionary Wars and Civil Wars, New Jersey went under a considerably large amount of industrialization including the construction of canals, railways, with many advancements in transportation.

Alexander Hamilton, wanted to help spread economic growth within New Jersey because of some instablility in the 1780s. Hamilton purchased land with other New York and New Jersey Federalists and called themselves the Associates of New Jersey Company in 1804. The improvements of many canals and roads began the economy to flourish. Also the construction of the 1824 Morris Canal, the 1826 Delaware Canal, and Raritan canal which brought to the eartern side of the colony coal and iron. While the canals, were improving and being developed the Camden and Amboy Railroad were being completed by 1834. Transportation in New Jersey was a major contributor to the economic stability in the 18th century these advancements in trasportations with the roads, canals, and railroads increased the trade and helped sustain the manufacturing and urbanization in the colony.

Although New Jersey was a culturally diverse colony by the second half of the 18th century it developed into a economically equalized colony with a middle class society. It also developed into an industrial based colony with good agricultural aspect. The glassware making also provided economic advancement and iron played a good role in the economy. Most importantly,

transportation advanced the economy into a more stable colony. Transportation in New Jersey was a major attributor because of its location between Philadelphia and New York which helped in 1764 when the first road was built. Many goods were transported with the Jersey Wagon, and it was later on used for transporting people too. This wagon became America's first indigenous vechicles making New Jersey the first place to offer public transportation. Overall, New Jersey had a powerful farming conditions with cultivated gardens. Many farming grew well in New Jersey including lettuce, grains, cabbage and basic vegetables. Many fruit trees grew in the colony with apple, peach, and pears. The honey bee was a major source for the economy that during the Revolutionary War they put the Honey bee on New Jersey currency. Mining was dominate in the colony also with the iron industry operating by 1790 making New Jersey mining 10,000 tons of iron per year.

The War of 1812, made New Jersey's economy flourish due to the high demand of war goods, specifically; the iron aspect of the industry with the production shells, bombs, and cannons. Overall, New Jersey during the 18th century grew into a flourished colony with a main foucus on transportation providing New Jersey with economic stability.

Sources:

Lazzerini, Rickie. The History of New Jersey. Historical Review 1.14, 2006.

US History Encyclopedia. New Jersey. Answers Corporation, 2008.

Migrants of New Jersey..........

New Jersey had a diverse amount of migrants that arrived in the 17th century to the 18th century. There was the intially the Dutch from New Amsterdam, Swedes from west of the Delaware River, and Puritans from New England and Long Island, also later on the Irish and Scottish. In East Jersey there was nine towns in which six of them were populated by migrants from New England and it was a Scots' colony when a various assortment of Scottish merchants devoted into East Jersey and helped provide for early settlers. The other towns were with the Dutch established Bergen, and Freehold were of Scottish. The West Jersey towns were dominated by the Quakers, besides the town of Burlington which had a high amount of Anglicans.

By 1760, New Jersey population grew to 100,000 with only 40% of English settlers occupying the colony. By 1776, the population was about 138,000, of which 7% were black slaves. There was also large settlements of Germans in Hunterdon and Newark by Congregationalists from Connecticut. It wasn't until the about the mid 1800s that New Jersey had fascinated migrants to come to this colony because of the industrial growth that developed. To have better control and organization over the immigrants Congress decided to make Ellis Island the immigration center from 1892 to 1954. Ellis Island, a combination of a natural and two synthetic islands which is joined by causeways between upper New York Bay and northeastern New Jersey and southeastern New York became the headquarters of a U.S. immigration. It's estimated that 12 million immigrants went through Ellis Island predominatly Irish, Jewish, and Italian. (Ellis Island, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2008.)


Many Germans came to New Jersey because of the attractiveness of the mountainous country for ironmakers. They also came to farm fields in Hunterdon County or work in the iron mines in other counties because New Jersey had rich iron mines with fast running streams and plenty of forests. By 1870, Germans and Irish comprised of 37% of New Jersey City's population. By the late 1800s coming to the 1900s Eastern Europe migrants with Jewish and large amounts of Italians came also. 43% of Hudson County residents were foreign born by 1900. (New Jersey-Migration, Advameg, Inc. 2007).


Many of the migrants had different and diverse reasons why they left their homelands. Some came to seek more prosperous opportunities, while some came to evade persecution and some as far as death. There was others who came against their will because they were slaves and went with their masters when bought. Many migrants who came to New Jersey were looking for places that had mining and iron plantations, and self sufficient villages. New Jersey had very industrial base that attracted migrants due to its agricultural aspects with a powerful farming conditions, glassware production, iron and mines, and transportation. There was many immigrants that worked in the iron and mining plantations because when they arrived in Americas they had no work or means for money so they were all desperate and in need for stability with work and labor to get them by.

In 1730s, a governor of New Jersey, wrote this excerpt about the immigrants....

from Dane, from Hollander, and Swede,
from Wales, and from the north of Tweed
our first Supply's came o'er,
from france a band of refuguees,
and from fair Ireland rapparees,
came crowding to this Shore
a mungrell brood of canting Saints,
that filled all Europe with complaints
came here to fix their stakes.
(Becoming America, Harvard University Press, 2000.)

Sources:

Daniels, Jennifer. People and Settlements of the NY-NJ Highlands.
http://deathstar.rutgers.edu/advgeo/Daniels_webpage/hldweb2.htm

Lazzerini, Rickie. The History of New Jersey. Kindred Trails, Inc. 2006.

New Jersey-Migration. Advameg, Inc. 2007.
http://www.city-data.com/states/New-Jersey-Migration.html

"Ellis Island," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2008.
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554612/ellis_island.html

Butler, Jon. Becoming America. Harvard University Press, 2000.

Slavery and Indentured Servants

The New Jersey colony had many indentured sevants and slaves in the 1660s. The colony of New Jersey was at a chronic shortage of free labor. Servants suffered at the hands of their masters, they legally controlled their actions. Above all, slaves suffered the most. The slaves that were murdered at the hands of their masters didn't experience any punishment. Unlike slaves, indentured servants could not marry. The Dutch brought Africans to New Jersey in the early 1600s to help build outposts. In 1629, the Dutch's version of the platation system was known as the Patroon System. Under this, each Dutch owner of land was promised 12 black men and women.

Unfortuneatly, slavery was encouraged in New Jersey under the proprietor’s "Concessions and Agreement," which offered 60 acres of land for every enslaved African imported in 1664. They were more aggressive in promoting African slavery than other colonies for opening up the land for agriculture and commerce. According to historian Clement A Price, "support for the institution was stronger in New Jersey than in any other northern colony."

By the 1690s, most of the colonists in Perth Amboy, main port, owned one or more African Americans. Slaves made up 12 percent of New Jersey's population up the the Revolution. Around the 1700s, New Jersey allowed duty free importation of African Americans. Nearly all other states imposed a tax on the importation of slaves from Africa to be used for labor. In 1713 to 1768, the colony established a separate court system to deal with slave crimes. Slaves were forbidden to carry firearms unless with their masters. If anyone who gave or lent a gun to a slave faced a fine of 20 shillings. Slaves were not allowed to be in the streets at night.

Slavery was extremely more severe than indentured servitude. This unimaginable life for these African Americans didn't completely end until 1846 but so many lives were lost and destroyed by that hopeful time.

Sources:

-Arnesen, Eric. "Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History" CRS Press, 2006

-Cohen, Stephen. "The Ramapo Mountain People" Rutgers University Press, 1994

-Harper, Douglas.

-Wright, Giles. "Afro-Americans in New Jersey" New Jersey Historical Commission Department of State, 1988

Douglas Harper. "Slavery in New Jersey" (2003). http://www.slavenorth.com/newjersey.htm

Conflicts......

Colonists spoke harshly about the Lenni Lenape Indians, "I find (the Lenape) entirely savage and wild, strangers to decency and stupid as garden poles, proficient in all wickedness and godlessness; devilish men." The other colonists said, "We (must) either convert these tawny serpents or annihilate them." (Indian King Tavern Museum, 1995-2001).

Although the colonists later spoke in this manner of the later named Delaware Indians soon before they were seeing them in a different light. They actually helped some of the Europeans survive because they were so unprepared and untrained. The Delaware Indians feed and taught the Europeans how to fish and treat wounds. Soon after, things changed drasticially showing thay when the Europeans first landed in 1600 in New Jersey there was 12,000 Lenape but by 1700 there were less than 2500. By 1664, the Lenni Lenape population in South New Jersey had decimated by diseases also numerous conflicts with the Swedes and Dutchmen.

A brutal war with great loss of life was when the Susquehannock (Minqua) attacked Lenni Lenape villages in Pennsylvania and drove them into New Jersey. The Lenape lost half of their lives and were forced to leave their villages west of Delaware River.

The Lenni Lenape declined when the Dutch arrived in the New York and New Jersey area in which created New Netherland. A slaughter at Pavonia in 1643 the Dutch had a suprise attack on the Wecquaesgeek villages killing many at Pavonia (New Jersey city) which also killed many Lenni Lenape, including women and children. This was triggered by the Dutch had restriction on the sale of firearms to the tribes but the Munsee could get guns from the Swedes and in winter of 1642 armed Mahican warriors came to their villages and killed 17 and captured women and children. After that the Dutch and the Wecquaesgeek didn't get along and had many confrontations. This occurence also triggered the Wappinger War (Kieft's War) which tribes like the Hackensack and Tappan joined with Wappinger in attackes againt the Dutch farms.

Many Lenni Lenape faced many hardships during this time so did many other tribes in the face of colonization. Many died from European diseases and other from the war. "The remaining Lenni Lenape sided with the French during the French and Indian War, but did not find much success." (Delaware Histories).

Sources:

-Bergbauer, Thomas. "Lenni Lenape were the first New Jersey settlers." Courier-Post. (2007).

-Indian King Tavern Museum. "The Lenni Lenape Indian Kings." (1995-2001).

http://www.levins.com/ik6.html

-Lazzerini, Rickie. "Native Americans of New Jersey: The Lenni-Lenape." KindredTrails.com (2006). http://www.kindredtrails.com/New-Jersey-History-1.html

-Sulzman, Lee. "Delaware History." Delaware Histories Site. http://tolatsga.org/dela.html

New Jersey Inhabitants?

The indigenous inhabitants of New Jersey was the Lenni Lenape meaning "original people". These inhabitants, part of the Algonquin nation, came to be called the Delaware Indians by the early settlers. They were known for their easy-going nature. Some of the other tribes scorned them for their peaceful intentions which often they played the mediator between disagreeing Algonquin tribes. The Lenni Lenape people were separated into three clans; the Minsi in the north, the Unami in the center, and the Unilachtigo in the south. The three clans are also known as the Wolf, Turkey, and Turtle clans. Clans lived in stationary villages and used the surrounding land until the resources were exhausted. The Lenni-Lenape built villages of round houses called wigwams. The tribes were nomadic and traveled with the seasons in order to make better use of the available natural resources, but they had permanent settlements where they returned in the winter. During the spring, they planted gardens of corn, beans, and squash. In the summer they migrated to the coast to collect oysters and clams. In the fall the Lenni Lenape would migrate back to their settlements to harvest their gardens and prepare for winter. They hunted for deer, elk, and turkeys using bows and arrows. Lenape men were typically in charge of hunting and protecting their families. Women were the principle farmers and were in charge of cooking, and taking care of the children. Women grew their hair long, often until it reaches their hips. Men wore a plume of feathers in their hair, which stuck straight up or downward. Men decorated their faces elaborately; creating designs or animals. Men wore "breechcloats" or loinclothes. Women wore knee-length skirts. The Lenni Lenape were matrilineal in which "children do not inherit tribal rights from the father but from the mother. Described by the Europeans, Lenni government was male; with the civil and war chiefs. The chiefs ruled by "calm reasoning and friendly exhortations." They believed in a gender-neutral idea of god. The Indians looked to an all-powerful Mannitto, "the Great Spirit."In 1682, the Lenni Lenape signed a treaty of friendship with William Penn and the Quakers in Pennsylvania. The treaty became the first of its kind signed between Europeans and Indians. The rapid rate of colonization forced the Lenni Lenape from their lands.The Lenni Lenape who chose to stay faced the horrors of alcoholism and the devastation from European disease. The European need to own the land, diseases, guns and alcohol created an impossible situation for the survival of the Lenni-Lenape in their homeland.

Sources:

-Caffrey, M. (2000). Complementary Power: Men and Women of the Lenni Lenape. American Indian Quarterly. Vol. 24, No. 1. pp. 44-63. Published by: University of Nebraska Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1185990

-Lazzerini, R. (2006). Native Americans of New Jersey: The Lenni-Lenape. Worldwide Genealogy Resources. http://www.kindredtrails.com/New-Jersey-History-4.html

New Jersey founded?

The first European to explore New Jersey was Giovanni de Verrazano on his vessel named La Dauphine, around 1524. He was a Florentine explorer sailing under the French flag. New Jersey was founded by Verrazano searching for a Northwest passage to Asia in which he sailed along the coast and anchored off Sandy Hook. Verrazzano sailed on behalf of King François of France. Verrazzano's brother, Girolamo da Verrazzano, was a mapmaker who accompanyed Giovanni on his voyage, and mapped the voyage. Verrazzano thought that North America was a thin isthmus separating the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Spanish records recount that he was captured in 1527, while cruising off the coast of Cadiz, and executed by order of the Emperor Charles V. During is voyage Verrazano kept a log-book of his experiences. In 1556 Ramusio published in his collection of voyages a letter written by Verrazano giving an account of his voyage to the coast of North America. It is the first post-Columbian description of the North Atlantic coast, and gives the first description of New York Bay and harbour and the present Hudson River.

Henry Hudson sailed for a Dutch trading company on the ship named Half Moon eventhough he was British. On his third voyage in 1609 he set sail from Amsterdam and headed north, trying to find a way through the Arctic to the Far East. He sailed into New York Bay in September of 1609 and explored a river which became known as the Hudson River for about 150 miles. He was looking for the shortcut to the Pacific. It claimed the land for the Dutch in which it was called New Netherlands. The primary record of the voyage - and the only surviving English record - is the journal of Robert Juet, who had sailed with Hudson previously as mate, and would again in 1610. He noted numerous fights with the natives, killing, drunkenness, looting and even a kidnapping. The crew was generally negative towards native Americans, and somewhat afraid of them, which may have influenced later relations between native groups and European settlers. On his return, Hudson stopped in England, where he was arrested for sailing under another nation's flag, considered treason at the time. The Dutch, Swedes, and Finns were the first European settlers in New Jersey. In 1664, the Dutch lost New Netherlands to the British when they added it to their colonies. Some of the colonists had purchases their land of the Indians before the proprietary government was established and refused to pay it because it was unjust tax. In May 1672, there was an actual rebellion with the colonists in which they sent compliants to the Assembly. They ended dividing the land in half and gave control to two proprietors: Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkley. With this resolvement the settlers were alowed to have political and religious freedom. In which New Jersey was ethnically diverse and grew to have about 100,000 people. The land was officially named New Jersey after the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel.

Sources:

-Chadwick, I. (1992). Henry Hudson's Third Voyage1609: The New World. Retrieved September 5, 2008 from

http://www.ianchadwick.com/hudson/hudson_03.htm
-Meehan, T. (1912). Giovanni da Verrazano. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Retrieved September 5, 2008 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15364a.htm

-Our Country. (1800). New Jersey colonial history: excerpt from volume 1. Retrieved August 30, 2008 from

www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Our_Country_Vol_1/newjersey_ij.html

-State of New Jersey. A Short History of New Jersey. New Jersey Office of Technology. Retrieved August 30, 2008 from

http://www.state.nj.us/handout_nj/assignment_history_ct.html